A local wind blowing through a gap between mountains, a gap wind. This term was introduced by R. S. Scorer (1952) for the surface winds blowing through the Strait of Gibraltar. When air stratification
is stable, as it usually is in summer, the air tends to flow through the gap from high to low pressure, emerging as a ?jet? with large standing eddies in the lee of the gap. The excess of pressure on the upwind side is attributed to a pool of cold air held up by the mountains. Similar winds occur at other gaps in mountain ranges, such as the tehuantepecer and the jochwinde, and in long channels, such as the Strait of Juan de Fuca between the Olympic Mountains of Washington and Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Compare jet-effect wind, canyon wind, mountain wind.
Glaciers adhering to mountain sides, and fitting in no other primary classification pattern; e.g. Cirque-, Niche-, Crater- Glaciers as well as Groups, Aprons and hanging glaciers and glaciated flanks;
Cirque, niche or crater type, hanging glacier; includes ice apron and groups of small units (WGMS 1970); Any shape; sometimes similar to a valley glacier, but much smaller; frequently located in cirque or niche. (WGMS 1977); Cirque, niche or crater type, hanging glacier; includes ice apron and groups of small units (WGMS 1998); Must be distinguished from valley glaciers where no valley has yet developed (often difficult to estimate from above ground)
(1) A glacier that is confined by surrounding mountain terrain, also called an alpine glacier. (2) A glacier in mountainous terrain that is a cirque glacier, a niche glacier, a crater glacier, or a mo
untain apron glacier. See also valley glacier. Sense 2 is that in which the term is used in the World Glacier Inventory, but the more general sense 1 is also widely used.
Permafrost existing in mountainous areas in high, middle, and low latitudes. Mountain Permafrost may show some degree of altitudinal zonation. Plateau Permafrost is a subdivision of Mountain Permafros
t but use of this term is not recommended.