The period from about 3.2 to 2.5 million years ago during which polar temperature was 5-10C warmer than today, the Antarctic and Arctic ice caps nearly melted, and sea level was 35 m higher.
Erosive process of particle detachment by moving glacial ice. In this process, basal ice freezes in rock surface cracks. As the main body of the glacial ice moves material around the ice in the cracks
is pulled and plucked out. Also called quarrying.
The mechanical removal of pieces of rock from a bedrock face that is in contact with glacier ice. Blocks are quarried and prepared for removal by the freezing and thawing of water in cracks, joints, a
nd fractures. The resulting pieces are frozen into the glacier ice and transported.